Treatments

Ulcerative Colitis Treatment

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic digestive system disease caused by an abnormal functioning of the immune system, leading to inflammation of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. The disease usually begins gradually, but in some individuals, it may appear suddenly. Over time, the inflammation can spread to larger areas of the bowel. During this process, small sores (ulcers) form on the inner lining of the intestine. These ulcers increase bowel activity, resulting in a frequent need to use the toilet. Symptoms may vary from person to person and tend to worsen during flare-ups while easing during remission periods.

What Are the Causes of Ulcerative Colitis?

Although the exact cause of the disease is unknown, it is believed that multiple factors contribute together. These include:

  • Genetic predisposition: The risk increases in individuals who have a family history of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.

  • Immune system disorders: The immune system may attack its own intestinal cells.

  • Environmental factors: Infections, stress, and dietary habits may trigger the disease.

  • Gut microbiota: The intestinal flora of healthy individuals differs from that of patients with ulcerative colitis.

In particular, some past bacterial infections may trigger an exaggerated immune response, potentially leading to this disease.

What Are the Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?

Symptoms of the disease can vary from person to person. The most common symptoms include:

  • Persistent or recurring diarrhea

  • Rectal bleeding

  • Abdominal pain and cramping

  • Fever

  • Weight loss and loss of appetite

  • Fatigue

  • Growth retardation in children

Some patients may also experience the following symptoms:

  • Nausea and vomiting

  • Mouth sores

  • Joint pain and swelling

  • Eye inflammation

  • Skin problems

What Are the Possible Complications of Ulcerative Colitis?

If left untreated or poorly managed, ulcerative colitis can lead to the following health problems:

  • Severe intestinal bleeding

  • Dehydration

  • Increased risk of blood clots

  • Colon cancer

  • Osteoporosis

How Is Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with an evaluation of the patient’s and family’s medical history, followed by a physical examination and various tests. Ulcerative colitis should not be confused with other diseases that have similar symptoms, such as Crohn’s disease. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Blood tests

  • Stool and urine analyses

  • Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy

  • Imaging techniques (CT or MRI)

How Is Ulcerative Colitis Treated?

There is no definitive cure for ulcerative colitis, but symptoms can be managed. Treatment aims to reduce flare-ups and extend remission periods. The treatment plan may include:

  • Medication: Drugs that regulate the immune system, reduce inflammation, and prevent diarrhea may be prescribed.

  • Diet and lifestyle changes: A balanced and nutritious diet is recommended. Trigger foods specific to the patient can be identified and eliminated.

  • Nutritional supplements: Supplements may be advised if adequate nutrient intake is not achieved.

  • Stress management: Regular exercise and psychological support may help reduce symptoms.

  • Surgery: In severe cases that do not respond to medication, part or all of the colon may need to be removed.

When Should You See a Doctor?

The following symptoms may indicate a severe ulcerative colitis flare-up and require immediate medical attention:

  • Severe abdominal pain

  • Excessive or persistent rectal bleeding

  • Diarrhea lasting more than two weeks

  • Presence of blood in urine

  • High fever lasting more than two days

  • Pain and swelling in the skin or joints

  • Significant fluid loss (dehydration)

If any of these symptoms are present, it is important to consult a healthcare provider—even if no prior diagnosis has been made.

TREATMENTS

Professor Dr. Mustafa Ates

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